BIOFUELS

Biofuels are renewable sources of energy derived from biological materials such as plant and algae biomass. Made by fermentation of plant-based material, hydrotreatment or esterification of plant-based oils.

They are used primarily as an alternative to fossil fuels in transportation and industrial applications.

Biofuels primarily use organic materials. Common ingredients include corn, sugarcane, soybeans, algae, and waste products like vegetable oils and animal fats.

Biofuels can be made from three main processes. fermentation of plant-based material, hydrotreatment or esterification of plant-based oils.

Biofuels can also be categorised based the raw materials used:
• 1^st generation: use crops as source of biomass
• 2^nd generation: use waste as source of biomass
• 3^rd generation: use microorganisms as source of biomass

Each type has its own advantages and challenges, such as impact on food supply, energy efficiency, carbon emissions, and scalability.

Biofuels can be made in three main processes, Fermentation, Hyrodtreatment, Esterifcation:

FERMENTATION

Bioethanol:

Ethanol made from biomass and meeting the requirements of EN15376, the standard for ethanol that can be mixed with petrol in pump fuel. Currently blended into pump gasoline at up to 5% (98RON E5) or 10% (95RON E10). Higher blend ratios are also possible such as E85.

ETG: Bioethanol further processed to produce biogasoline which is functionally equivalent to fossil-derived gasoline meeting EN228, the standard for pump petrol/gasoline available on the forecourt.

Biomethanol:

Methanol made from biomass feedstocks. It can be blended in with gasoline or used directly as a renewable fuel.

MTG: Biomethanol further processed to produce biogasoline which is functionally equivalent to fossil-derived gasoline meeting EN228.

HYDROTREATMENT

HVO (hydrotreated vegetable oil): A paraffinic diesel very similar to fossil diesel but made by the hydrotreatment of vegetable oils or other lipids, which have to meet the requirements of EN15940, the standard for fossil-free paraffinic diesels for use in road vehicles. They also have the benefit of being sulphur-free. Can be blended with FAME to create a renewable diesel that meets EN590, the standard for pump diesel available on the forecourt.

Unlike solar or wind, biofuels provide stored energy that can be used in existing transportation and industrial systems. They complement other renewables but have distinct applications and challenges.

Biofuels can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, decrease dependence on fossil fuels, and lead to fewer pollutants being released into the atmosphere.

Biofuel production can provide farmers with additional revenue streams, promote sustainable farming practices, and revitalize rural communities with increased employment opportunities.

Ethanol has a lower energy content than petrol, so using high ethanol blends might result in a slight reduction in miles per gallon. Biodiesel’s impact on fuel efficiency is generally minimal but can vary based on blend and vehicle type.

The cost of biofuels can vary based on production methods, regional factors, and market dynamics. As technology improves, the price of biofuels is expected to become more competitive with fossil fuels.

The economic sustainability of biofuels varies by region, feedstock prices, production costs, and government incentives. As technology advances and economies of scale kick in, biofuels could become more economically competitive.

Biodiesel is a specific type of biofuel made from the esterification of vegetable oils or animal fats. It’s primarily used as an alternative to diesel fuel in vehicles.

No, biodiesel is just one type of biofuel. While biodiesel is made specifically from oils and fats, biofuels can be produced from a broad range of biomass sources, including corn, sugarcane, and even algae.

As of the last update, the United States and Brazil are the two largest biofuel producers, primarily focusing on ethanol. The European Union, led by countries like Germany and France, also plays a significant role, especially in biodiesel production.

Many biofuels, especially in blended forms, can be used in existing engines without any modification. However, high concentrations might require engine adjustments.

Yes, biofuels can reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels, diversifying energy sources and potentially stabilizing energy prices.

Not necessarily. The sustainability of biofuels depends on their source, production method, and the impact on food supply and land use.

Biofuels are derived from living organisms like plants already in our atmosphere, while crude oil is a fossil fuel extracted from the earth. The process of extracting and burning fossil fuels then introduces new carbon into the atmosphere that had previously been locked away for millions of years.

The history of biofuels dates back thousands of years. Ancient civilizations used biofuels like animal fats for lighting. However, the modern usage of biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, began in the 20th century.

While biofuels are an essential part of the current renewable energy portfolio, they also pave the way for further advancements, setting the stage for newer, even more sustainable energy solutions in the future.

While EVs are a focus for personal transport, biofuels remain relevant for sectors where electrification is challenging, such as aviation, heavy goods vehicles, and maritime. They also provide a solution for now that we can take advantage of to make an immediate environmental impact.

The UK emphasizes sourcing biofuels that don’t adversely affect food production or lead to deforestation. There’s also a push towards advanced biofuels derived from waste or non-food sources, also known as second generation biofuels.

• 1^st generation: use crops as source of biomass
• 2^nd generation: use waste as source of biomass
• 3^rd generation: use microorganisms as source of biomass

First-generation biofuels are made from food crops, whereas second-generation biofuels are produced from non-food sources like agricultural residues or dedicated energy crops.

The SUSTAIN Fuels range uses second-generation biofuels derived from non-consumable food waste.

Look for certifications or standards on biofuel products, and research suppliers committed to sustainable sourcing and production.